added constant pressure reactor

This commit is contained in:
Dave Goodwin 2006-05-06 14:56:57 +00:00
parent 163267f39a
commit 6314e7a563
7 changed files with 426 additions and 156 deletions

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@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
/**
* @file Reactor.cpp
*
* A zero-dimensional reactor
*/
// Copyright 2001 California Institute of Technology
#ifdef WIN32
#pragma warning(disable:4786)
#pragma warning(disable:4503)
#endif
#include "ConstPressureReactor.h"
#include "FlowDevice.h"
#include "Wall.h"
#include "../InterfaceKinetics.h"
#include "../SurfPhase.h"
using namespace Cantera;
namespace CanteraZeroD {
ConstPressureReactor::ConstPressureReactor() : Reactor() {}
void ConstPressureReactor::
getInitialConditions(double t0, size_t leny, double* y)
{
m_init = true;
if (m_thermo == 0) {
throw CanteraError("getInitialConditions",
"Error: reactor is empty.");
}
m_time = t0;
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
// total mass
doublereal mass = m_thermo->density() * m_vol;
// set components y + 2 ... y + K + 1 to the
// mass M_k of each species
m_thermo->getMassFractions(y+2);
scale(y + 2, y + m_nsp + 2, y + 2, mass);
// set the first component to the total enthalpy
y[0] = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass() * mass;
// set the second component to the total volume
y[1] = m_vol;
// set the remaining components to the surface species
// coverages on the walls
int loc = m_nsp + 2;
SurfPhase* surf;
for (int m = 0; m < m_nwalls; m++) {
surf = m_wall[m]->surface(m_lr[m]);
if (surf) {
m_wall[m]->getCoverages(m_lr[m], y + loc);
loc += surf->nSpecies();
}
}
}
void ConstPressureReactor::initialize(doublereal t0) {
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
m_sdot.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
m_nv = m_nsp + 2;
for (int w = 0; w < m_nwalls; w++)
if (m_wall[w]->surface(m_lr[w]))
m_nv += m_wall[w]->surface(m_lr[w])->nSpecies();
m_enthalpy = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass();
m_pressure = m_thermo->pressure();
m_intEnergy = m_thermo->intEnergy_mass();
int m, nt = 0, maxnt = 0;
for (m = 0; m < m_nwalls; m++) {
if (m_wall[m]->kinetics(m_lr[m])) {
nt = m_wall[m]->kinetics(m_lr[m])->nTotalSpecies();
if (nt > maxnt) maxnt = nt;
if (m_wall[m]->kinetics(m_lr[m])) {
if (&m_kin->thermo(0) !=
&m_wall[m]->kinetics(m_lr[m])->thermo(0)) {
throw CanteraError("ConstPressureReactor::initialize",
"First phase of all kinetics managers must be"
" the gas.");
}
}
}
}
m_work.resize(maxnt);
m_init = true;
}
void ConstPressureReactor::updateState(doublereal* y) {
// The components of y are the total enthalpy,
// the total volume, and the mass of each species.
doublereal h = y[0];
doublereal* mss = y + 2;
doublereal mass = accumulate(y+2, y+2+m_nsp, 0.0);
m_thermo->setMassFractions(mss);
if (m_energy) {
m_thermo->setState_HP(h/mass, m_pressure, 1.0e-4);
}
else {
m_thermo->setPressure(m_pressure);
}
m_vol = mass / m_thermo->density();
int loc = m_nsp + 2;
SurfPhase* surf;
for (int m = 0; m < m_nwalls; m++) {
surf = m_wall[m]->surface(m_lr[m]);
if (surf) {
m_wall[m]->setCoverages(m_lr[m], y+loc);
loc += surf->nSpecies();
}
}
// save parameters needed by other connected reactors
m_enthalpy = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass();
m_intEnergy = m_thermo->intEnergy_mass();
m_thermo->saveState(m_state);
}
/*
* Called by the integrator to evaluate ydot given y at time 'time'.
*/
void ConstPressureReactor::evalEqs(doublereal time, doublereal* y,
doublereal* ydot, doublereal* params)
{
int i, k, nk;
m_time = time;
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
Kinetics* kin;
int m, n, npar, ploc;
double mult;
// process sensitivity parameters
if (params) {
npar = m_pnum.size();
for (n = 0; n < npar; n++) {
mult = m_kin->multiplier(m_pnum[n]);
m_kin->setMultiplier(m_pnum[n], mult*params[n]);
}
ploc = npar;
for (m = 0; m < m_nwalls; m++) {
if (m_nsens_wall[m] > 0) {
m_wall[m]->setSensitivityParameters(m_lr[m], params + ploc);
ploc += m_nsens_wall[m];
}
}
}
m_vdot = 0.0;
m_Q = 0.0;
// compute wall terms
doublereal rs0, sum, wallarea;
SurfPhase* surf;
int lr, ns, loc = m_nsp+2, surfloc;
fill(m_sdot.begin(), m_sdot.end(), 0.0);
for (i = 0; i < m_nwalls; i++) {
lr = 1 - 2*m_lr[i];
m_Q += lr*m_wall[i]->Q(time);
kin = m_wall[i]->kinetics(m_lr[i]);
surf = m_wall[i]->surface(m_lr[i]);
if (surf && kin) {
rs0 = 1.0/surf->siteDensity();
nk = surf->nSpecies();
sum = 0.0;
surf->setTemperature(m_state[0]);
m_wall[i]->syncCoverages(m_lr[i]);
kin->getNetProductionRates(DATA_PTR(m_work));
ns = kin->surfacePhaseIndex();
surfloc = kin->kineticsSpeciesIndex(0,ns);
for (k = 1; k < nk; k++) {
ydot[loc + k] = m_work[surfloc+k]*rs0*surf->size(k);
sum -= ydot[loc + k];
}
ydot[loc] = sum;
loc += nk;
wallarea = m_wall[i]->area();
for (k = 0; k < m_nsp; k++) {
m_sdot[k] += m_work[k]*wallarea;
}
}
}
// dummy equation
ydot[1] = 0.0;
/* species equations
* Equation is:
* \dot M_k = \hat W_k \dot\omega_k + \dot m_{in} Y_{k,in}
* - \dot m_{out} Y_{k} + A \dot s_k.
*/
const doublereal* mw = DATA_PTR(m_thermo->molecularWeights());
if (m_chem) {
m_kin->getNetProductionRates(ydot+2); // "omega dot"
}
else {
fill(ydot + 2, ydot + 2 + m_nsp, 0.0);
}
for (n = 0; n < m_nsp; n++) {
ydot[n+2] *= m_vol; // moles/s/m^3 -> moles/s
ydot[n+2] += m_sdot[n];
ydot[n+2] *= mw[n];
}
/*
* Energy equation.
* \f[
* \dot U = -P\dot V + A \dot q + \dot m_{in} h_{in}
* - \dot m_{out} h.
* \f]
*/
if (m_energy) {
ydot[0] = - m_Q;
}
else {
ydot[0] = 0.0;
}
// add terms for open system
if (m_open) {
const doublereal* mf = m_thermo->massFractions();
doublereal enthalpy = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass();
// outlets
int n;
doublereal mdot_out;
for (i = 0; i < m_nOutlets; i++) {
mdot_out = m_outlet[i]->massFlowRate(time);
for (n = 0; n < m_nsp; n++) {
ydot[2+n] -= mdot_out * mf[n];
}
if (m_energy) {
ydot[0] -= mdot_out * enthalpy;
}
}
// inlets
doublereal mdot_in;
for (i = 0; i < m_nInlets; i++) {
mdot_in = m_inlet[i]->massFlowRate(time);
for (n = 0; n < m_nsp; n++) {
ydot[2+n] += m_inlet[i]->outletSpeciesMassFlowRate(n);
}
if (m_energy) {
ydot[0] += mdot_in * m_inlet[i]->enthalpy_mass();
}
}
}
// reset sensitivity parameters
if (params) {
npar = m_pnum.size();
for (n = 0; n < npar; n++) {
mult = m_kin->multiplier(m_pnum[n]);
m_kin->setMultiplier(m_pnum[n], mult/params[n]);
}
ploc = npar;
for (m = 0; m < m_nwalls; m++) {
if (m_nsens_wall[m] > 0) {
m_wall[m]->resetSensitivityParameters(m_lr[m]);
ploc += m_nsens_wall[m];
}
}
}
}
int ConstPressureReactor::componentIndex(string nm) const {
if (nm == "H") return 0;
if (nm == "V") return 1;
// check for a gas species name
int k = m_thermo->speciesIndex(nm);
if (k >= 0) return k + 2;
// check for a wall species
int walloffset = 0, kp = 0;
thermo_t* th;
for (int m = 0; m < m_nwalls; m++) {
if (m_wall[m]->kinetics(m_lr[m])) {
kp = m_wall[m]->kinetics(m_lr[m])->reactionPhaseIndex();
th = &m_wall[m]->kinetics(m_lr[m])->thermo(kp);
k = th->speciesIndex(nm);
if (k >= 0) {
return k + 2 + m_nsp + walloffset;
}
else {
walloffset += th->nSpecies();
}
}
}
return -1;
}
}

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@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
/**
* @file Reactor.h
*
* $Author$
* $Revision$
* $Date$
*/
// Copyright 2001 California Institute of Technology
#ifndef CT_CONSTP_REACTOR_H
#define CT_CONSTP_REACTOR_H
#ifdef WIN32
#pragma warning(disable:4786)
#pragma warning(disable:4503)
#endif
#include "Reactor.h"
namespace CanteraZeroD {
/**
* Class ConstPressureReactor is a class for constant-pressure
* reactors. The reactor may have an arbitrary number of inlets
* and outlets, each of which may be connected to a "flow device"
* such as a mass flow controller, a pressure regulator,
* etc. Additional reactors may be connected to the other end of
* the flow device, allowing construction of arbitrary reactor
* networks.
*
*/
class ConstPressureReactor : public Reactor {
public:
/**
* Default constructor.
*/
ConstPressureReactor();
/**
* Destructor. Deletes the integrator.
*/
virtual ~ConstPressureReactor(){}
virtual int type() const { return ConstPressureReactorType; }
//-----------------------------------------------------
virtual int neq() { return m_nv; }
virtual void getInitialConditions(doublereal t0, size_t leny,
doublereal* y);
virtual void initialize(doublereal t0 = 0.0);
virtual void evalEqs(doublereal t, doublereal* y,
doublereal* ydot, doublereal* params);
virtual void updateState(doublereal* y);
virtual int componentIndex(string nm) const;
protected:
private:
};
}
#endif

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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
/**
* @file ReactorZND.cpp
* @file FlowReactor.cpp
*
* A zero-dimensional reactor
*/
@ -27,14 +27,14 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
void FlowReactor::getInitialConditions(double t0, size_t leny, double* y)
{
m_init = true;
if (m_mix == 0) {
if (m_thermo == 0) {
writelog("Error: reactor is empty.\n");
return;
}
m_time = t0;
m_mix->restoreState(m_state);
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
m_mix->getMassFractions(y+2);
m_thermo->getMassFractions(y+2);
y[0] = 0.0; // distance
@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
* Must be called before calling method 'advance'
*/
void FlowReactor::initialize(doublereal t0) {
m_mix->restoreState(m_state);
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
m_nv = m_nsp + 2;
m_init = true;
}
@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
m_speed = y[1];
doublereal* mss = y + 2;
// doublereal mass = accumulate(y+2, y+2+m_nsp, 0.0);
m_mix->setMassFractions(mss);
m_thermo->setMassFractions(mss);
doublereal rho = m_rho0 * m_speed0/m_speed;
@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
else {
m_thermo->setState_TP(m_T, pmom);
}
m_mix->saveState(m_state);
m_thermo->saveState(m_state);
}
@ -85,10 +85,9 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
doublereal* ydot, doublereal* params)
{
m_time = time;
m_mix->restoreState(m_state);
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
double mult;
Kinetics* kin;
int n, npar;
// process sensitivity parameters
@ -105,10 +104,10 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
// speed equation. Set m_fctr to a large value, so that rho*u is
// held fixed
ydot[1] = m_fctr*(m_speed0 - m_mix->density()*m_speed/m_rho0);
ydot[1] = m_fctr*(m_speed0 - m_thermo->density()*m_speed/m_rho0);
/* species equations */
const doublereal* mw = DATA_PTR(m_mix->molecularWeights());
const doublereal* mw = DATA_PTR(m_thermo->molecularWeights());
if (m_chem) {
m_kin->getNetProductionRates(ydot+2); // "omega dot"
@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
else {
fill(ydot + 2, ydot + 2 + m_nsp, 0.0);
}
doublereal rrho = 1.0/m_mix->density();
doublereal rrho = 1.0/m_thermo->density();
for (n = 0; n < m_nsp; n++) {
ydot[n+2] *= mw[n]*rrho;
}
@ -138,7 +137,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
if (nm == "X") return 0;
if (nm == "U") return 1;
// check for a gas species name
int k = m_mix->speciesIndex(nm);
int k = m_thermo->speciesIndex(nm);
if (k >= 0) return k + 2;
else return -1;
}

View file

@ -26,9 +26,6 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
doublereal quadInterp(doublereal x0, doublereal* x, doublereal* y);
Reactor::Reactor() : ReactorBase(),
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
FuncEval(),
#endif
m_kin(0),
m_temp_atol(1.e-11),
m_maxstep(0.0),
@ -37,36 +34,26 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
m_rtol(1.e-9),
m_chem(true),
m_energy(true), m_nsens(-1)
{
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
m_integ = new CVodeInt;
// use backward differencing, with a full Jacobian computed
// numerically, and use a Newton linear iterator
m_integ->setMethod(BDF_Method);
m_integ->setProblemType(DENSE + NOJAC);
m_integ->setIterator(Newton_Iter);
#endif
}
{}
// overloaded method of FuncEval. Called by the integrator to
// get the initial conditions.
void Reactor::getInitialConditions(double t0, size_t leny, double* y)
{
m_init = true;
if (m_mix == 0) {
if (m_thermo == 0) {
cout << "Error: reactor is empty." << endl;
return;
}
m_time = t0;
m_mix->restoreState(m_state);
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
// total mass
doublereal mass = m_mix->density() * m_vol;
doublereal mass = m_thermo->density() * m_vol;
// set components y + 2 ... y + K + 1 to the
// mass M_k of each species
m_mix->getMassFractions(y+2);
m_thermo->getMassFractions(y+2);
scale(y + 2, y + m_nsp + 2, y + 2, mass);
// set the first component to the total internal
@ -94,19 +81,13 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
* Must be called before calling method 'advance'
*/
void Reactor::initialize(doublereal t0) {
m_mix->restoreState(m_state);
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
m_sdot.resize(m_nsp, 0.0);
m_nv = m_nsp + 2;
for (int w = 0; w < m_nwalls; w++)
if (m_wall[w]->surface(m_lr[w]))
m_nv += m_wall[w]->surface(m_lr[w])->nSpecies();
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
m_atol.resize(neq());
fill(m_atol.begin(), m_atol.end(), 1.e-15);
m_integ->setTolerances(m_rtol, neq(), DATA_PTR(m_atol));
m_integ->setMaxStepSize(m_maxstep);
m_integ->initialize(t0, *this);
#endif
m_enthalpy = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass();
m_pressure = m_thermo->pressure();
m_intEnergy = m_thermo->intEnergy_mass();
@ -146,7 +127,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
void Reactor::updateState(doublereal* y) {
phase_t& mix = *m_mix; // define for readability
phase_t& mix = *m_thermo; // define for readability
// The components of y are the total internal energy,
// the total volume, and the mass of each species.
@ -158,9 +139,9 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
m_vol = y[1];
doublereal* mss = y + 2;
doublereal mass = accumulate(y+2, y+2+m_nsp, 0.0);
m_mix->setMassFractions(mss);
m_thermo->setMassFractions(mss);
m_mix->setDensity(mass/m_vol);
m_thermo->setDensity(mass/m_vol);
doublereal temp = temperature();
mix.setTemperature(temp);
@ -187,16 +168,9 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
m_enthalpy = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass();
m_pressure = m_thermo->pressure();
m_intEnergy = m_thermo->intEnergy_mass();
m_mix->saveState(m_state);
m_thermo->saveState(m_state);
}
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
void Reactor::eval(doublereal time, doublereal* y, doublereal* ydot)
{
updateState(y); // synchronize the reactor state with y
evalEqs(time, y, ydot);
}
#endif
/*
* Called by the integrator to evaluate ydot given y at time 'time'.
@ -206,7 +180,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
{
int i, k, nk;
m_time = time;
m_mix->restoreState(m_state);
m_thermo->restoreState(m_state);
Kinetics* kin;
int m, n, npar, ploc;
@ -279,7 +253,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
* \dot M_k = \hat W_k \dot\omega_k + \dot m_{in} Y_{k,in}
* - \dot m_{out} Y_{k} + A \dot s_k.
*/
const doublereal* mw = DATA_PTR(m_mix->molecularWeights());
const doublereal* mw = DATA_PTR(m_thermo->molecularWeights());
if (m_chem) {
m_kin->getNetProductionRates(ydot+2); // "omega dot"
}
@ -310,7 +284,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
// add terms for open system
if (m_open) {
const doublereal* mf = m_mix->massFractions();
const doublereal* mf = m_thermo->massFractions();
doublereal enthalpy = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass();
// outlets
@ -374,7 +348,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
if (nm == "U") return 0;
if (nm == "V") return 1;
// check for a gas species name
int k = m_mix->speciesIndex(nm);
int k = m_thermo->speciesIndex(nm);
if (k >= 0) return k + 2;
// check for a wall species

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@ -17,11 +17,8 @@
#endif
#include "ReactorBase.h"
#include "../FuncEval.h"
#include "../Integrator.h"
#include "../Kinetics.h"
#undef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
namespace CanteraZeroD {
@ -57,11 +54,9 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
* flow rate. Class FuncEval is the class used to define a system
* of ODE's to be integrated.
*/
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
class Reactor : public ReactorBase, public FuncEval {
#else
class Reactor : public ReactorBase {
#endif
public:
/**
@ -72,56 +67,10 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
/**
* Destructor. Deletes the integrator.
*/
virtual ~Reactor(){
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
delete m_integ;
#endif
}
virtual ~Reactor(){}
virtual int type() const { return ReactorType; }
/**
* Advance the state of the reactor in time. On the first
* call, internal method 'initialize' is called, and the maximum
* integrator step size is set. By default, this is set to
* 'time'. To specify a different maximum step size, precede the
* call to advance with a call to setMaxStep. Note that this
* cannot be reset after advance has been called.
*
* @param time Final time (s).
*/
virtual void advance(doublereal time) {
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
if (!m_init) {
setMaxStep(time);
initialize();
}
m_integ->integrate(time);
m_time = time;
updateState(m_integ->solution());
m_mix->saveState(m_state);
#else
throw CanteraError("Reactor::advance",
"Reactor::advance is deprecated. Use ReactorNet::advance");
#endif
}
virtual double step(doublereal time) {
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
if (!m_init) {
setMaxStep(time);
initialize();
}
m_time = m_integ->step(time);
updateState(m_integ->solution());
m_mix->saveState(m_state);
return m_time;
#else
throw CanteraError("Reactor::step",
"Reactor::step is deprecated. Use ReactorNet::step");
#endif
}
/**
* Insert something into the reactor. The 'something' must
* belong to a class that is a subclass of both ThermoPhase
@ -138,15 +87,6 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
if (m_kin->nReactions() == 0) disableChemistry();
}
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
/**
* Set the maximum step size for integration.
*/
void setMaxStep(doublereal maxstep) {
m_maxstep = maxstep;
}
#endif
void disableChemistry() { m_chem = false; }
void enableChemistry() { m_chem = true; }
@ -156,45 +96,22 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
else m_energy = false;
}
//-----------------------------------------------------
/** @name References to internal objects */
//@{
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
/// Return a reference to the integrator.
Integrator& integrator() { return *m_integ; }
//@}
#endif
//-----------------------------------------------------
// overloaded methods of class FuncEval
virtual int neq() { return m_nv; }
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
virtual void eval(doublereal t, doublereal* y, doublereal* ydot);
#endif
virtual void getInitialConditions(doublereal t0, size_t leny,
doublereal* y);
//-----------------------------------------------------
virtual void initialize(doublereal t0 = 0.0);
virtual void evalEqs(doublereal t, doublereal* y, doublereal* ydot, doublereal* params);
virtual void evalEqs(doublereal t, doublereal* y,
doublereal* ydot, doublereal* params);
/**
* Set the mixture to a state consistent with solution
* vector y.
*/
virtual void updateState(doublereal* y);
// virtual void addSensitivityParam(int stype, int i);
virtual int nSensParams();
virtual void addSensitivityReaction(int rxn);
@ -206,9 +123,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
protected:
Kinetics* m_kin;
#ifdef INCL_REACTOR_INTEG
Integrator* m_integ; // pointer to integrator
#endif
doublereal m_temp_atol; // tolerance on T
doublereal m_maxstep; // max step size
doublereal m_vdot, m_Q;

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@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
namespace CanteraZeroD {
ReactorBase::ReactorBase(string name) : m_nsp(0),
m_mix(0),
m_thermo(0),
m_time(0.0),
m_vol(1.0),
m_vol0(1.0),
@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
}
// void ReactorBase::resetState() {
// m_mix->saveState(m_state);
// m_thermo->saveState(m_state);
// m_enthalpy = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass();
// m_intEnergy = m_thermo->intEnergy_mass();
// m_pressure = m_thermo->pressure();
@ -46,10 +46,9 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
// }
void ReactorBase::setThermoMgr(thermo_t& thermo){
m_mix = &thermo;
m_thermo = &thermo;
m_nsp = m_mix->nSpecies();
m_mix->saveState(m_state);
m_nsp = m_thermo->nSpecies();
m_thermo->saveState(m_state);
m_enthalpy = m_thermo->enthalpy_mass();
m_intEnergy = m_thermo->intEnergy_mass();
m_pressure = m_thermo->pressure();

View file

@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
const int ReservoirType = 1;
const int ReactorType = 2;
const int FlowReactorType = 3;
const int ConstPressureReactorType = 4;
/**
* Base class for stirred reactors.
@ -112,9 +113,9 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
void resetState();
/// return a reference to the contents.
thermo_t& contents() { return *m_mix; }
thermo_t& contents() { return *m_thermo; }
const thermo_t& contents() const { return *m_mix; }
const thermo_t& contents() const { return *m_thermo; }
doublereal residenceTime();
@ -146,12 +147,9 @@ namespace CanteraZeroD {
return 1;
}
// virtual void addSensitivityParam(int stype, int i) {}
protected:
int m_nsp;
thermo_t* m_mix;
thermo_t* m_thermo;
doublereal m_time;
doublereal m_vol, m_vol0;